Geo-environmental monitoring and 3D finite elements stability analysis for site investigation of underground monuments. Horemheb tomb (KV57), Luxor, Egypt

Abstract The Valley of the Kings (KV) is a UNESCO world heritage site with more than thirty opened tombs. Since first tombs were constructed, at least 24 historical flash flood events has been identified, each which contributed to destruction and deterioration Recently, most these have damaged inundated after 1994 flood. In order understand Geo-environmental impact mainly past floods due intensive rainfall storm on valley kings long-term rock mass behavior under geostatic stresses in selected Horemheb tomb (KV57) its failures current stability, Remote sensing, GIS, LIDAR, 3D finite element stability analysis quality assessments had carried out using advanced methods codes. Our work provides environmental satellite space views via landviewer Erath Observation System (EOS) Platform passive active sensors include Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted (SAVI), Atmospherically resistant vegetation index (ARVI), Green Chlorophyll (GCI), Burn Ratio (NBR), Snow (NDSI), Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) images, Terrain (DEM) Digital Elevation Models, geological maps. other hand experimental numerical geotechnical evaluations modeling underground structures their surroundings executed. We estimated different members within Thebes limestone Esna shale formations mechanical testing Rock Mass Rating (RMR), system (Q-system) Geological Strength (GSI) systems. recent analyses show that KV57 rock- cut Luxor into poor very marl masses foods. ceilings pillars frequently facilitated by local, unfavorably oriented persistent discontinuities, such as tension cracks faults. Other related disintegration Formations individual nodules upon weathering. data suggest that, ancient Egypt monumental construction, low-strength rarely resulted modifications planned design minimise risk falls prevent collapses. protection measures are not enough. For this two following proposed 1—to rise wall 50 cm. 2—to fill depression reshaping bathymetry.